63-4 Principate era Good Emperor Antoninus Pius (r. A.D. 138-161)

http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/romanemperorsgeneral/bb/GoodEmperors.htm

http://www.roman-emperors.org/tonypis.htm

Antoninus Pius (r. A.D. 138-161)

When Hadrian's adopted son Verus died, he adopted Antoninus Pius as son and successor. As part of the deal, Antoninus Pius adopted the future Emperor Marcus Aurelius. When Hadrian died, Antoninus demonstrated such piety towards his adopted father that he earned the name "pius." He completed and restored earlier building projects rather than starting major ones of his own

The long reign of the emperor Antoninus Pius is often described as a period of peace and quiet before the storm which followed and plagued his successor, Marcus Aurelius. In addition to the relative peacefulness, this emperor set the tone for a low-keyed imperial administration which differed markedly from those of his two immediate predecessors, Trajan and Hadrian. Antoninus managed to govern the empire capably and yet with such a gentle hand that he earned the respect, acclaim, and love of his subjects.

Early Life

The future emperor was born T. Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus on September 19, A.D. 86 at Lanuvium, an old Latin city southeast of Rome.[[1]] His father's family had originally migrated to Rome from Nemausus (Nîmes) in Narbonese Gaul, but his paternal grandfather, T. Aurelius Fulvus, had served twice as Roman consul and also as city prefect and his father, Aurelius Fulvus, also held the consulship. The future emperor's mother was Arria Fadilla and her father, Arrius Antoninus, had also been consul twice.[[2]] Young Antoninus was raised at Lorium, on the via Aurelia, where he later built a palace[[3]]

Career Under Hadrian

Very little is known about Antoninus' life before he became emperor. The brief biography in the Scriptores Historiae Augustae credited to Julius Capitolinus refers to his services as quaestor, praetor, andconsul and P. von Rohden's entry in Pauly-Wissowa dates his tenure of these offices to A.D. 112, 117, and 120 respectively.[[4]] At some point between A.D. 110 and 115, Antoninus married Annia Galeria Faustina, the daughter of M. Annius Verus.[[5]] Hadrian later appointed Antoninus as one of his consular administrators of Italy and between A.D. 130 and 135 Antoninus served as proconsul of Asia

Antoninus had achieved a distinguished career under Hadrian. and could have retired from imperial service with great pride, but events in A.D. 138 changed Antoninus' future quite radically. Early in the year, the death of Aelius Verus, whom Hadrian had previously adopted and named Caesar, opened a new path. Hadrian met with the Senate and announced his decision to adopt Antoninus as his son and heir and to share both proconsular and tribunician power with him.[[7]] After giving this offer careful thought, Antoninus accepted and agreed in return to adopt as his heirs his wife's nephew, M. Antoninus, the future Marcus Aurelius, and L. Verus, the son of Aelius Verus.

mperial Reign

When Hadrian died in the following summer, Antoninus oversaw the conveyance of his body from Baiae to Rome for interment in the new imperial tomb (now Castel Sant' Angelo). To honor his adoptive father, Antoninus set up a magnificent shield, established a priesthood, and, against serious opposition in the Senate, requested and bargained for senatorial confirmation of Hadrian's deification.[[9]]Antoninus' devotion to Hadrian's memory is one of the reasons cited for the Senate's bestowal upon the new emperor of the name "pius".[[10]] After initially refusing the Senate's recognition of Antoninus as "pater patriae", the new emperor accepted the honor with thanks.[[11]] He declined, however, the Senate's decree authorizing the renaming of the months of September and October after the new emperor and empress.[[12]] The Senate did honor the new empress with the title of "Augusta".[[13]] On her death only a few years later in A.D. 141, the Senate deified Faustina and voted her a temple and priestesses.[[14]] In memory of his wife, Antoninus also instituted an alimentary program, similar to those of his immediate predecessors, which combined loans to Italian farmers with funds, generated by interest on those loans, set aside for the care of orphaned girls. On coins these orphans are designated as puellae Faustinianae.[[15]]

Antoninus returned all of Italy's share of the aurum coronarium, the money raised in honor of his accession, and one-half of that contributed from the provinces.[[16]] His economic policy in general was relatively conservative and avoided luxurious waste while supporting public works of practical application.[[17]] His procurators were told to keep provincial tribute reasonable and they were held accountable for exceeding fixed bounds. The provinces in general prospered under his administration and the use of informers was ended.[[18]] Julius Capitolinus summarizes the excellence of Antoninus' administration when he says: "With such care did he govern all peoples under him that he looked after all things and all men as if they were his own." [[19]] In spite of his caution in raising imperial revenues, however, Antoninus provided regular gifts of money to the people and to the soldiers and produced spectacular public games with a great variety of animals on display.[[20]] The emperor also used his own funds to distribute oil, grain, and wine free in a time of famine and helped relieve the devastation caused in Rome by fire, flood, and a collapse of stands in the Circus Maximus and by fires and earthquakes in the provinces.

Although the reigns of his two immediate predecessors, Trajan and Hadrian, had seen prolific building activity in Rome and throughout the empire, Antoninus chose to be less lavish in his public works projects. He felt an obligation to complete work begun or promised by Hadrian. Antoninus completed the Mausoleum of Hadrian along the Tiber and built the temples of the Divine Hadrian in the Campus Martius and of Faustina in the Forum.[[22]] He also restored the oldest bridge in Rome, the Pons Sublicius, the Graecostadium, and the Colosseum. He may even have put some finishing touches on the Pantheon because Julius Capitolinus mentions restoration of a templum Agrippae, but the text may be corrupt and the temple of the Divine Augustus, the restoration of which is recorded on some of Antoninus' coins, may be the intended reference here.[[23]] Outside Rome, Antoninus repaired several roads and renovated ports in Alexandria, Caieta, and Terracina, a bath at Ostia, an aqueduct at Antium, and the temples in his birthplace, Lanuvium.

Although some sources suggest that Antoninus went in person to Egypt and Syria to put down a revolt of peoples along the Red Sea, Julius Capitolinus says that Antoninus made his home in Rome where he could receive messages from all parts of the empire equally quickly . He also states that to avoid burdening the provinces with the expenses of housing an emperor and his associates Antoninus took expeditions out of Rome only to his estates in Campania. [[25]] If correct, these actions marked a decided break with the visibility of his two predecessors in the provinces and recreated a more Rome- and Italy-centered empire. Wilhelm Weber commented on this policy: "As if, perhaps, in criticism of Hadrian's conception of his task, he sat like a beneficent spider at the centre of his web, power radiating steadily from him to the farthest bounds of the empire and as steadily returning to him again. For the last time in Imperial history the Emperor was wholly one with Rome and its centralization

uring his third consulship (A.D. 140-144), Antoninus issued a series of unusual coins and medallions which featured entirely new or modified religious/mythological images.[[27]] Jocelyn Toynbee correctly pointed out that these types were issued to prepare for the celebration of Rome's nine hundredth birthday in A.D. 147/148 and she also discussed two images which represent the emperor's reaction againstHadrian's "cosmopolitanism" and his attempt to restore Rome and Italy to a superior position over the provinces.[[28]] This unusual series, issued especially in bronze, commemorated Rome's connection to her distant roots from Trojans, Latins, and Sabines and honored gods who had protected the city in the past. Themes associated with Aeneas, Romulus, Numa Pompilius, and Augustus by implication tied in Antoninus as successor to these four model Roman leaders. Although the death of Faustina may have motivated Antoninus' display of public piety to some degree on these coins and medallions, the series also set the tone for the games and rituals of the birthday celebration in 147/148, renewed religious values, and restored Rome's proper relationship with protective gods who had brought the city past success both in war and in peace.[[29]] Another series of coins, the "anonymous quadrantes", combines a portrait of a god or goddess on the obverse with a reverse symbol of an animal associated with the same deity. The absence of an imperial portrait or any inscription aside from the S.C. authorization of the Senate makes it especially difficult to date this series. However, the similarity of the Jupiter and Venus portraits to images of Antoninus and Faustina and other links to Antoninus' coin-types make it probable that several of these types were issued in Antoninus' reign, perhaps again in connection with Rome's birthday celebration in A.D. 147/148

Although Antoninus' reign was generally peaceful, Capitolinus says that he fought wars, through legates, against the Britons, Moors, Germans, Dacians, and the Alans and suppressed revolts in Achaea, in Egypt, and among the Jews.[[31]] The war in Britain was fought around A.D. 142 against the Brigantes and led to the construction of the Antonine Wall across the island as a second line of defense north of Hadrian's Wall.[[32]] In foreign relations, the emperor's authority was respected among peoples bordering on the empire. Antoninus approved the appointment of kings for the Armenians, for the Lazi, and for the Quadi and he successfully prevented a Parthian attack on Armenia by sending the Parthian king a letter of warning.

Antoninus did continue his predecessor's interest in law and his imperial legislation is cited frequently in Justinian's Digest. Several lawyers served in the emperor's consilium and presumably advised him on legal matters. Antoninus' legislation included protections for slaves, freedmen, and for illegitimate children and further defined family and inheritance law, including consideration of a daughter's wishes in marriage arrangements

In preparation for the succession, Antoninus' daughter Faustina married Marcus Aurelius in A.D. 145 and she soon became Augusta in place of her deceased mother. Marcus Aurelius was associated in imperial powers and he and L. Verus both held the consulship multiple times in preparation for their accession. [[35]] Antoninus made sure that he would leave the Empire secure and in sound financial condition and his adopted sons inherited a large surplus (reportedly 675 million denarii) in the Treasury

ntoninus Pius died in March of A.D. 161, after giving the appropriate imperial watchword which so typified his reign, "equanimity". He was soon afterward deified by the Senate. His adopted sons and successors, Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, erected a column of red granite in his honor in the Campus Martius. The marble base for this column, which is preserved in the Vatican, includes a sculpted image of the apotheosis of Antoninus and Faustina.[[37]] In his Meditations, Marcus Aurelius expressed his enduring love and respect for his adoptive father: "Do all things as a disciple of Antoninus. Think of his constancy in every act rationally undertaken, his invariable equability, his piety, his serenity of countenance, his sweetness of disposition, his contempt for the bubble of fame, and his zeal for getting a true grasp of affairs." [[38]] In many ways Antoninus Pius was a model emperor who justifiably earned comparison with his own model, Numa Pompilius, and provided the Empire with a period of fortune, religious piety, and security perhaps unmatched in imperial annals

63-3 ancient tribes in Illyria Pannonia ROMAn PROVINCE DURING HADRIAN

Map of ancient Epirus 

List of ancient tribes in Illyria

This is a list of ancient tribes in the ancient territory of Illyria (Ancient Greek: Ἰλλυρία). The name Illyrians seems to be the name of a single Illyrian tribe that was the first to come into contact with the ancient Greeks, causing the name Illyrians to be applied to all people of similar language and customs.^[1] The locations of Illyrian tribes/peoples prior to the Roman conquest are approximate, as sometimes many wholly different locations are given by ancient writers and modern authors (as in the case of the Encheleans).

After the Great Illyrian Revolt, the Romans deported,^[2] split,^[3] and resettled Illyrian tribes within Illyria itself and to Dacia, sometimes causing whole tribes to vanish and new ones to be formed from their remains, such as the Deraemestae and the Docleatae, some of them mixed with Celtic tribes (see Celticization). Many tribal names are known from Roman civitates and the number of theirdecuriae,^[4] formed of the dispersed tribes in Illyria.

Illyrian[edit]

Albani[edit]

Main article: Albanoi

Albani or Albanoi (Greek: Ἀλβανοί) were an Illyrian tribe whose first historical account appears in a work of Ptolemy,^[5] the citizens of Albanopolis (Ἀλβανόπολις), in the region lying to the east of the Ionian sea, and in the center of modern Albania, near the city of Krujë. The name of modern Albanians comes from this tribe.^{[clarification needed]}

Ardiaei[edit]

Main article: Ardiaei

Ardiaei or Ouardiaei (Greek Ἀρδιαῖοι or Οὐαρδαῖοι; Latin Vardiaei^[6]), was an Illyrian tribe, residing inland,^[7] that eventually settled^[8] on the Adriatic coast. The Ardiaei had 20 decuriae. The Ardiaean dynasty ruled over the Illyrian Kingdom.

Autariatae[edit]

Main article: Autariatae

Autariatae or Autariates (Greek Αὐταριάται) was an Illyrian tribe that became prominent between the 6th and 4th centuries BC. The tribe had been Celticized.^[9]

Bathiatae[edit]

Bathiatae^[10] was an Illyrian tribe.

Bylliones[edit]

Bylliones (Greek Βυλλίονες) was an Illyrian tribe^[11] They were affected by a partial cultural Hellenisation.^[12]

Deretini[edit]

Deretini or Derriopes (Greek Δερρίοπες) was an Illyrian tribe^[13] in Narona conventus with 14 decuriae.

Cavii[edit]

Cavii (Latin Cavi) was an Illyrian tribe.^[14] They lived close to lake Skodra. Their main settlement was Epicaria.^[15] They are mentioned rarely by ancient writers.^[16]

Chelidones[edit]

Chelidones (Greek Χελιδόνες) was an Illyrian tribe^[17] whose name in Greek meant 'snail-men'. They lived in the Mat or Drin valleys.

Daorsi[edit]

Main article: Daorson

Daorsi or Duersi or Daorsii or Daorsei (Greek Δαόριζοι, Δαούρσιοι) was an Illyrian tribe.^[18] Another name of the tribe was Daversi.^[19] The Daorsi had suffered attacks^[20] from the Delmatae that made them along with Issa^[21] seek the aid of the Roman state. The Daorsi fought on the Roman side, providing them with their strong navy abandoning Caravantius. After the Illyrian Wars, the Daorsi were given immunity. Their most important city was Daorson. They had 17 decuriae.

Dassareti[edit]

Dassareti^[22] (Greek Δασσαρῆται) was an Illyrian tribe. They were located between the Dardani and the Ardiaei.^[23] Appian of Alexandria wrote in his Illyrian wars that according to the Ancient Greeks, Illyrius, the ancestor of the Illyrians, had a daughter, Dassaro, from whom sprang the Dassareti.^[24]

Deuri[edit]

Deuri (Greek Δερβανοί)^[25] was an Illyrian tribe.^[26] Other possible names are Derrioi and Derbanoi.^[27] The Deuri had 25 decuriae.

Dyestes[edit]

Dyestes or Dyestae (Greek Δυέσται^[28]) was an Illyrian tribe^[29] located around the silver mines of Damastion. Only Strabo passingly mentions this tribe.

Kinambroi[edit]

Kinambroi (Greek Κινάμβροι) was an Illyrian tribe.They surrendered to Octavian in 33 BC.^[27]

Enchelei[edit]

Main article: Enchele

The Enchelei or Sesarethii^[30] (Greek Ἐγχελεῖς, Σεσαρηθίους (accusative of *Σεσαρήθιοι)^[31]) were an Illyrian tribe.^[32] Their name, given by the Greeks, meant "eel-men". In Greek mythology,^[33]Cadmus and Harmonia ruled over them. Several locations are hypothesized for the Encheleans: around Lake Ohrid;^[34] above Lake Ohrid or the region of Lynkestis south of the Taulantii.^[35]

Maezaei[edit]

Main article: Maezaeis

Maezaei has been the tribal group of Maezaeis (Μαζαῖοις), including 269 decuriae.^[36][37][38]

Melcumani[edit]

Melcumani or Merromenoi or Melkomenioi (Greek Μελκομένιοι) was an Illyrian tribe.^[39] The Melcumani had 24 decuriae.

Narensi[edit]

Narensi or Narensii or Narensioi (Greek Ναρήνσιοι^[40]) or Naresioi or Naresii (Greek Ναρήσιοι) was the name of a newly^[41] formed Illyrian tribe^[42] from various peoples at the river Naron. The Narensi had 102 decuriae.

Penestae[edit]

Penestae (Greek: Πενέσται) was the name of an Illyrian tribe.^[43] Their chief town was Uscana.

Sardeates[edit]

Sardeates or Sardiotai (Latin Sardeates) was an Illyrian tribe close to Jajce.^[26] Sardeates were later settled in Dacia.^[44] The Sardeates had 52 decuriae.

Selepitani[edit]

Selepitani (Latin Selepitani) was an Illyrian tribe located below the Lake Scutari.

Dalmatae[edit]

Dalmatae were an ancient Illyrian tribe. They were later Celticized.^[45][46] The Delmatae had 342 decuriae.

Main article: Dalmatae

Iapydes[edit]

The Iapydes (or Iapodes, Japodes) [Greek,"Ιάποδες"] were an ancient people who dwelt north of and inland from the Liburnians, off the Adriatic coast and eastwards of the Istrian peninsula. The first written mention of an Illyrian tribe known as "Iapydes" is by Hecataeus of Miletus.

Baridustae[edit]

Baridustae were an Illyrian tribe that was later settled in Dacia^[44] along with Pirustae and Sardeates.The Baridustae was a Dalmatian tribe.^[47]

Docleatae[edit]

Docleatae or Dokleatai (Greek: Δοκλεάται) were an Illyrian tribe that lived in what is now Montenegro. Their capital was Doclea^[48] (or Dioclea), and they are called after the town. They had settled west of the Morača river, up to Montenegro's present-day borders with Herzegovina. The Docleatae were prominent for their cheese, which was exported to various Roman provinces within the Roman Empire.^[49] They were composed of parts of the Taulantii, the Pleraei or Pyraei, Endirudini, Sasaei, Grabaei, Labeatae^[27] that came together after the Great Illyrian revolt. The Docleatae had 33 decuriae.

Pleraei[edit]

Pleraei or Pyraei or Palarioi (Greek: Παλάριοι) was the name of an Illyrian tribe.^[50]

Endirudini[edit]

Endirudini or Enderini Interphrourinoi (Greek: Ιντερφρουρῖνοι^[51]) was the name of an Illyrian tribe that became part of the Docleatae.^[27] They were located on the east of lake Scodra at Enderon near Niksic.^{[contradictory]}

Sasaei[edit]

Sasaei was the name of an Illyrian tribe that became part of the Docleatae.^[27]

Grabaei[edit]

The Grabaei or Kambaioi (Greek: Καμβαῖοι)^[51] were a minor Illyrian group that lived around Lake Scutari.^[52]

Labeates[edit]

Labeates or Labeatae (Greek: Λαβεάται) was an Illyrian tribe that lived (after being defeated by Parmenio) around Scodra.^[53]

Deraemestae[edit]

Deraemestae or Deraemistae (Latin Deraemistae) was the name of an Illyrian tribe.^[54] The Deraemestae was composed of parts^[55] of several other tribes such as the Ozuaei, Taulantii, Partheni,Hemasini, Arthitae and Armistae. The Deramestae had 30 decuriae.

Oxuaioi[edit]

Ozuaei or Oxuaioi (Greek: Ὀξυαῖοι^[51]) was the name of one of the tribes comprising the Deramestae.^[55]

Hemasini[edit]

Hippasinoi or Hemasini (Greek: Ἱππασῖνοι)^[56] was the name of one of the tribes comprising the Deramestae.^[55]

Arthitae[edit]

Arthitae was the name of one of the tribes comprising the Deramestae.^[55]

Armistae[edit]

Armistae was the name of one of the tribes comprising the Deramestae.^[55]

Taulantii

aulantii (Greek Ταυλάντιοι) was the name of a cluster^[57] of Illyrian tribes. According to Greek mythology Taulas (Tαύλας), one of the six sons of Illyrius, was the eponymous ancestor of the Taulanti.^[58] They lived on the Adriatic coast of Illyria (modern Albania), between to the vicinity^[59] of the city of Epidamnus(modern Durrës). This tribe played an important role in Illyrian history of the 4th-3rd centuries BC,when King Glaukias (335 BC- 302 BC) ruled over them. This tribe had become bilingual being under the effects of an early Hellenisation.^[12] Taulantii could prepare mead, wine from honey like the Abri.^[60]

Abri[edit]

Abri (Greek: Ἄβροι) were an Illyrian tribe.^[61] They could prepare mead, a wine from honey, and were known to the Greeks for that method. They were Taulantii and affected by Hellenisation.^[

Parthini[edit]

The Parthini or Partheni or Peerthenetai (Greek Παρθῖνοι, Παρθηνοί) ^[62] were Illyrians, part of the Taulantii^[63] who may be placed to the north in the mountainous^[64] neighborhood of Epidamnus, and thus, next to the Taulantii. After the death of Philip, king of Macedon, they appear to have been added to the dominions of Pleuratus, an Illyrian prince allied to the Romans.^[65] Their principal town was Parthus^[66] which was taken by Caesar in the course of his campaign with Pompeius.^[67] The double-hilled Dimale, the strongest among the Illyrian places, with two citadels on two heights, connected by a wall,^[68] was within their territory. There is no indication, however, of its precise situation, which was probably between Lissus and Epidamnus. Livy (59 BC – 17 AD), mentions^[69] two other fortesses: Eugeniumand Bargulum. They had been affected by Hellenisation.^[12]

Pannonians (Latin: Pannonii, Ancient Greek: Παννόνιοι) was an Illyrian tribe, who inhabited the southern part of what was later known as Roman province of Pannonia, south of the river Drava (Dravus), and the northern part of the future Roman province of Dalmatia. The Pannonian tribes appear to have been Celticized.^[70][71] Later, a number of Pannonians settled in Dacia.^[72]

The Pannonians were not definitely subdued within the province of Illyricum until the Great Illyrian Revolt, which started in 6 AD when the Pannonians, together with the Dalmatians and other Illyrian tribes, revolted, and engaged the Roman Empire in a hard-fought campaign that lasted for three years, when they were finally overcome by the future emperor Tiberius and Germanicus in 9 AD. At that point, the province of Illyricum was dissolved, and its lands were divided between the new provinces of Pannonia in the north and Dalmatia in the south. The date of the division is unknown, most certainly after 20 AD but before 50 AD.

The Pannonian tribes inhabited the area between the river Drava and the Dalmatian coast. Early archaeology and onomastics show that they were culturally different from southern Illyrians, Iapodes, and the La Tene peoples commonly known as the Celts, though they were later Celticized. However, there are some cultural similarities between the Pannonians and Dalmatians. Many of the Pannonians lived in areas with rich iron ore deposits, so that iron mining and production was an important part of their economy before and after the Roman conquest. Apart from Segestica, the Pannonians did not have settlements of importance in pre-Roman times^[73] that were actuallyCeltic. Ancient sources (Strabo, Pliny the Elder, Appian of Alexandria) mention few of the Pannonian^[74] tribes by name, and historians and archaeologists have located some of them. Those tribes were:

Amantini[edit]

Amantini (Greek Ἄμαντες) was the name of a Pannonian^[75] Illyrian tribe.^[76] They greatly resisted the Romans but were sold as slaves after their defeat.^[77] The Amantini were close to Sirmium.^[78] In a similar case to the Illyrian Atintani and the ancient Greek Atintanes or Atintanians, the Amantes were ancient Greeks whilst the Amantini Illyrians, from Pannonia ^[79] An ancient Greek polis with the name Amantia existed.^[80]

Breuci[edit]

Breuci (Greek Βρεῦκοι) were Illyrians of the subtribe of Pannonians.^[74] They greatly resisted the Romans but were sold as slaves after their defeat.^[77] They started receiving Roman citizenship during Trajan's rule. It is likely that the name of the north-eastern Bosnian city Brčko is derived from the name of this tribe.^[81] A number of Breuci settled in Dacia.^[82]

Bato the Breucian of the Breuci tribe and Pinnes from Pannonia were among the leaders of the Great Illyrian Revolt, together with Bato the Daesitiate of the Daesitiates from Dalmatia.^[83]

Colapiani[edit]

Colapiani was the name of an Illyrian tribe.^[84] The Colapiani were created from the Pannonian Breuci^[85] along with the Osseriates and the Celtic Varciani.^{[citation needed]} They lived in the central and southern White Carniola, along the Kupa river, and were mentioned by Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy.^[86] The archeologists Jaro Šašel and Dragan Božič have attributed the Vinica material culture to Colapiani,^[87] but opinions are divided

Pirustae[edit]

Pirustae or Peiroustai or Pyrissaioi or Piroustai^[92] (Greek Πειροῦσται^[93] or Πυρισσαῖοι^[51]) were an Pannonian Illyrian^[94] tribe that lived in modern Montenegro. According to some sources, they had also lived in territories outside of modern-day Montenegro, but the majority of archaeologists, including the famous British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans, say that the Pirustae had lived in northern Montenegro, around present-day Pljevlja and that they were prominent miners. Their prominence in mining has been seen in epigraphic monuments from Dacia's mining regions.^[95] Pirustae along with other Pannonians and Illyrians like the Sardeates were later settled in Dacia (modern-day Romania).^[44][96]

Scirtari[edit]

Scirtari or Scirtones were an Illyrian tribe.^[97] Scirtari were part of the Pirustae.^[41] The Scirtari had 72 decuriae.

Glintidiones[edit]

Glintidiones or Glinditiones (Greek Γλιντιδίωνες) were an Illyrian^[98] tribe. The Glintidiones may have been part of the Pirustae.^[41] The Glintidiones had 44 decuriae.

Ceraunii[edit]

Ceraunii or Keraunioi (Greek Κεραύνιοι) was the name of an Illyrian tribe that lived close to the Pirustae^[99] in modern Montenegro. The Ceraunii were part of the Pirustae.^[41] They had 24 decuriae.^[100]

Siculotae[edit]

Siculotae or Sikoulotai (Latin Siculotae) were an Illyrian tribe.^[101] The Siculotae were part of the Pirustae.^[41] The Siculotae had 24 decuriae.

Segestani[edit]

Segestani (Greek Σεγεστανοί) were Illyrians of the subtribe of Pannonians who inhabited the area around Segestica (modern-day Sisak in Croatia).^[102]

In the 2nd century BC, the Segestani were attacked without lasting success by consuls Lucius Aurelius Cotta and an unidentified Cornelius.

In 35 BC, the Segestani were attacked by Augustus, who conquered and occupied Siscia.

Maezaei[edit]

Maezaei or Maizaioi or Mazaioi (Greek Μαζαῖοι) were Illyrians of the subtribe of Pannonians.^[103] The Maezaeis had 269 decuriae.

Andizetes[edit]

Andizetes, also referred to as Andisetes (Greek Ἀνδιζήτιοι), was a small Illyrian tribe that lived in the territory of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. Not much is known about this tribe except that it is found on the list of Illyrian tribes made by ancient Romans, against whom the Illyrians put up a heroic resistance, perhaps best portrayed during the Great Illyrian Revolt for freedom-the legendary Baton's uprising. The personal name of Andes, popular among the Illyrians of southern Pannonia and much of northern Dalmatia (corresponding roughly with modern Bosnia and Herzegovina), as it seems, derived from the name of this tribe. Another variant of this widespread personal Illyrian name is Andis.^[104] They started receiving Roman citizenship during Trajan's rule.^[105] They werePannonians.^[106][107]

Azali[edit]

Azali (Greek: Ἄζαλοι) was the name of an Illyrian^[108] tribe. After the Great Illyrian Revolt the Azali were deported by the Romans.^[2] They were Pannonians.

Ditiones[edit]

Ditiones (Greek: Διτίωνες) were Illyrians of the subtribe of Pannonians.^[74] The Ditiones had 239 decuriae.

Jasi[edit]

Jasi was the name of an Illyrian tribe^[76][109] subtribe of Pannonians.

Oseriates[edit]

Osseriates^[110] (Latin Oseriates), along with the Celtic Varciani and the Colapiani, were created from the Pannonian Breuci.

Illyrii Proprie Dicti[edit]

Illyrii Proprie Dicti^[111] were the Illyrians proper, so called by Pliny (23–79 AD) in his Natural History. They later formed the Docleatae. They were the Taulantii, the Pleraei or Pyraei, the Endirudini,Sasaei, Grabaei, Labeatae.^{[citation needed]} Illyrians proper were also some of the native communities of Roman Dalmatia.^[112]

Thracian-Illyrian

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